Flow Through Pipes And Nozzles

PIPE
Pipe is a closed conduit or circular cross section carrying fluid under pressure.
Loss Of Head Or Energy In Pipes
When the fluid flows through the pipe experiences some resistance to motion between the pipe inner surfaces and fluid.
The effect of this resistance to motion reduces the velocity of fluid and finally the head of fluid.
The loses of energy is classified as:

1. Major Losses
   This losses due to the friction and is called as loss of head due to friction.
   (a) Darcy-Weisbach formula for loss of head in pipes.
   (b) Chezy's formula for loss of head in pipe.
2. Minor or Secondary Losses
   (a) Loss of head due to inlet.
   (b) Loss of head due to sudden enlargement.
   (c)  Loss of head due to sudden contraction.
   (d)  Loss of head due to sudden obstruction.
   (e)  Loss of head due to pipe fitting.
   (f)  Loss of head due to outlet.